توانبخشی بالینی

توضیحات تکمیلی

توضیحات انگلیسی

This is a comprehensive rehabilitation textbook emphasizing functional approach based on the aspects of the Prague School of Rehabilitation, which was developed by Professors Vojta, Janda, Lewit and others. The publication is divided into general and special sections. The diagnostic section describes in detail clinical evaluation approaches for the musculoskeletal system, testing and assessment of a motor and sensory involvement and limitations in the activities of daily living. The text also includes psychological assessment in rehabilitation of painful conditions, functional laboratory assessments and functional assessment using imaging methods. In the general section of the therapeutic approaches, the authors focus on treatment rehabilitaton of the motor system and also focus on disorders of other organ systems. The special section of the book includes rehabilitation of individual clinical specialties, in which treatment rehabilitation plays an important part. The individual chapters include rehabilitation in neurology, orthopedics, internal diseases, gynecology, oncology, psychiatry, pain and psychosomatic conditions. This book is unique in its presentation of human development and the options for its implementation into diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of the movement system. A chapter is also devoted to the original diagnostic-therapeutic approach of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization according to Professor Pavel Kolar, the main editor of the book.

فهرست

CONTENTS LIST
LIST OF AUTHORS
MAIN AUTHOR AND EDITOR
AUTHORS
FOREWORD
INTRODUCTORY SECTION
REHABILITATION CONCEPT AND DEFINITION
Current State of Providing Rehabilitation
TREATMENT (MEDICAL) REHABILITATION
Phasic Model of Treatment Rehabilitation
Individual Specialties of Treatment Rehabilitation
SOCIAL REHABILITATION
TOOLS OF School-based REHABILITATION
TOOLS OF VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
PREVENTATIVE ROLE OF REHABILITATION
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF REHABILITATION
INDIVIDUAL TYPES OF REHABILITATION SETTINGS
Outpatient Settings Providing Rehabilitation
Inpatient Settings Providing Rehabilitation
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITY, DISABILITY AND HEALTH
Impairment, Disability, Handicap – Explanation of Terms
Model of International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicaps (ICIDH)
REFERENCES
TREATMENT REHABILITATION – DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
REHABILITATIVE CARE
REPOSITIONING

Indications for Repositioning
Principles of Repositioning
Goals of Repositioning
Types of Repositioning
VERTICALIZATION
PATIENT MOBILIZATION
Mobilization goals
Prevention of Muscle Atrophy
Types of Mobilization
REFERENCES
TREATMENT REHABILITATION FOCUSED ON RESTORATION OF A FUNCTIONAL DEFICIT
REFERENCES
A DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
1 ASSESSMENT APPROACHES FOCUSED ON THE FUNCTION OF THE MOVEMENT SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS OF A CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
PATIENT PRELIMINARY CASE HISTORY (ANAMNESIS)
Components of a Complete Preliminary Patient History (Anamnesis)
Radicular Pain
OBSERVATION (ASPECTION)
PALPATION
The Most Important Palpation Techniques
AUSCULTATION
REFERENCES
1.1 NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTIONS AND THEIR CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Clinical Manifestations and Examination of Neuromuscular Dysfunctions
I FUNCTIONAL AND NEUROLOGIC SYMPTOMATOLOGY
1.1.1 Examination of Postural Functions
POSTURE
Postural Function – Normal
Development of Posture
Reflex Model of Posture and Locomotion

Circumscription of the Term Posture
Postural Stability
Postural Stabilization
Postural Reactibility
Postural Disturbances
STANDING
Examination of Individual Body Regions
Modified Examination of Standing
Assessment of Standing in Neurologic Disorders
GAIT
Phases of the Gait Cycle
Types of gait according to V. Janda
Examination of Gait in a Clinical Setting
Laboratory Examination of Gait
Typology of Gait Dysfunctions from a Neurological Perspective
Examination of Postural Stabilization and Postural Reactibility
1.1.2 Examination of Muscle Tone
Reflex Regulation of Muscle Tone
Connective Tissue Component of Muscle Tone
Deficits in Muscle Tone
Hypertonia and Spasm
Contracture
Local Hypertonic Changes in Muscle Tissue
Spasticity
Rigidity
Paratonia
Hypotonia
MUSCLE TONE DISTRUBANCES AND THEIR POSTURAL LAYOUT
Upper Crossed Syndrome
Lower Crossed Syndrome
Layer Syndrome
Assessment of Shortened Muscles
1.1.3 Examination of Sensory Functions
Sensory Testing
Examination of Individual Sensory Modalities
1.1.4 Assessment of Reflexes
MYOTATIC REFLEXES

Upper Extremities Myotatic Reflexes
Myotatic Reflexes of the Lower Extremities
EXTEROCEPTIVE REFLEXES
IDIOMUSCULAR RESPONSE
PATHOLOGICAL REFLEXES
Pathological Reflexes Elicited in the Upper Extremity
Pathological Reflexes Elicited in the Lower Extremity
Clonus
Mediopubic Reflex
1.1.5 Examination of Involuntary Movements
Tremor
Spasms
Myoclonus
Fibrillar and Fascicular Twitches
Choreic and Athetoid Hyperkineses
Athetosis
Chorea
TICS
1.1.6 Examination of Muscle Strength
MUSCLE WEAKNESS
MUSCLE STRENGTH
Assessment of Muscle Strength
Assessment of Muscle Strength
II NEUROLOGIC SYNDROMOLOGY
1.1.7 Primary Myogenic Lesion
Weakness in Myopathies
Pseudohypertrophy and Muscle Contractures in Myopathies
1.1.8 Deficits at the Neuromuscular Junction
Myasthenia Gravis
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
1.1.9 Peripheral Nerve Deficits
Examination of Deficits in the Sensory Fibers of the Peripheral Nerve
Examination of Deficits in Motor Fibers of a Peripheral Nerve
1.1.10 Spinal Cord Syndromology
GRADUAL TRANSVERSE SPINAL CORD LESION
SUDDEN TRANSVERSE SPINAL CORD LESION
PSEUDOPARETIC SPINAL CORD LESION
SPASTIC SPINAL CORD LESION

SPASTIC SPINAL CORD LESION
MIXED SPINAL CORD LESION
CONUS MEDULLARIS SYNDROME
CAUDA EQUINA SYNDROME
POSTERIOR CORD SYNDROME
BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME
INTRAMEDULLARY SYNDROME
1.1.11 Cerebellar Syndromology
FLACCIDITY
HYPERMETRIA
ASYNERGY
DIADOCHOKINESIA
OTHER CEREBELLAR SIGNS
1.1.12 Extrapyramidal Syndrome
1.1.13 Thalamic Syndrome
1.1.14 Brain Stem Syndromes
MEDIAL SYNDROMES
LATERAL SYNDROMES
1.1.15 Syndromes of Meningeal Irritation, Intracranial Hypotension, Hypertension and Ventricular Syndromes
SYNDROME OF MENINGEAL IRRITATION
INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION SYNDROME
INCREASED CRANIAL PRESSURE SYNDROME
VENTRICULAR SYNDROMES
1.1.16 Cortical Syndromes and their Examination
FRONTAL LOBE
Primary Motor Cortex (MI)
Premotor Cortex
Frontal Eye Field
Broca’s Speech Area
Prefrontal Cortex
Signs of an Injury to the Frontal Lobes of the Motor Cortex
Other Disturbances with Lesions to the Frontal Cortex
Assessment Tests for Frontal Lobes Deficits
TEMPORAL LOBE
OCCIPITAL LOBE
PARIETAL LOBE
Deficits in Phatic Functions

Deficits in Gnostic Functions
Deficits in Practical Functions
LIMBIC SYSTEM
Examination of Motor Functions from the Perspective of Cortical Plasticity
III NEUROMOTOR DEVELOPMENT AND ITS EXAMINATION
CLINICAL EXAMINATION VIA MOTOR PROGRAMS
SCREENING OF NEUROMOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Central Coordination Disturbance (CCD)
Developmental Kinesiology as an Assessment Method – the Examination of an Infant in the First Year of Life
Postural Activity
Postural Activity in Individual Phases of Development (0–15 Months)
Postural Reactivity
Primitive Reflexology
Functional Relationship between Postural Activity, Postural Reactivity and Primitive Reflexology
PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD
2–3 Years
4–6 years
CENTRAL COORDINATION DISTURBANCE IN PRESCHOOL AND SCHOOL AGE
Monitored Areas in a Neurodevelopmental Examination
Physiotherapy in Central Coordination Disturbance
REFERENCES
1.2 KINESIOLOGY AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF THE JOINT SYSTEM
Joint Motions
Joint Categories Based on the Number of Axes and the Shape of Articular Surfaces
Classification of Joints according to the Number of Articulating Bones within the Joint
Joint Innervation
Assessment of Joint Range of Motion
1.2.1 Kinesiology of the Spine, Pelvis and the Thorax
SPINE
PELVIS
Thorax
ANATOMICAL PARAMETERS INFLUENCING SPINAL FUNCTION
Regional Anatomical Parameters
Global Anatomical Parameters
EXAMINATION OF THE SPINE, PELVIS AND THE THORAX
Patient History (Anamnesis) and Physical Assessment
Neurological Assessment

Assessment of Motor Functions
Functional Assessment
1.2.2 Kinesiology of the Shoulder Girdle (Plexus)
BONES OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
JOINTS OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
MOVEMENTS IN THE JOINTS OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
SHOULDER GIRDLE EXAMINATION
Anamnesis
Aspection
Palpation
Joint Play
Passive Movements
Active Movements
Special Tests for the Shoulder Girdle
1.2.3 Kinesiology of the Elbow Joint
ELBOW JOINT MOVEMENTS
ASSESSMENT OF THE ELBOW JOINT
Anamnesis
Aspection
Palpation
Passive Movements
Active Movements
Functional Tests
1.2.4 Kinesiology of the Wrist and the Hand
WRIST
MOVEMENTS OF THE CARPAL COMPLEX
CARPOMETACARPAL JOINTS
HAND
MAIN TYPES OF GRIP
ASSESSMENT OF THE WRIST AND THE HAND
Anamnesis
Aspection
Palpation
Passive Movements
Active Movements
Functional Tests
1.2.5 Kinesiology of the Hip Joint

HIP JOINT ASSESSMENT
Anamnesis
Aspection
Palpation
Passive Movements
Active Movements
PEDIATRIC HIP JOINT ASSESSMENT
1.2.6 Kinesiology of the Knee Joint
MOVEMENTS OF THE KNEE JOINT
KNEE JOINT ASSESSMENT
Anamnesis
Aspection
Palpation
Passive Movements
Active Movements
Functional Assessment
1.2.7 Kinesiology of the Lower Leg and the Foot
ANKLE AND FOOT JOINTS
MOVEMENTS IN THE ANKLE AND FOOT JOINTS
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE ANKLE AND THE FOOT JOINTS
ASSESSMENT OF THE ANKLE AND THE FOOT
Anamnesis
Aspection
Palpation
Passive Movements
Active Movements
Functional Assessment
REFERENCES
1.3 SOFT TISSUES
1.3.1 Skin
Anatomy
Neurophysiology
Pathological Processes
Examination
Treatment
1.3.2 Subcutaneous Tissues (Hypodermis)
Examination and Therapy

1.3.3 Fasciae
Pathological Processes
Treatment
REFERENCES
2 VISCEROMOTOR RELATIONSHIPS AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
2.1 VISCEROSOMATIC AND SOMATOVISCERAL RELATIONSHIPS
2.1.1 Viscerosomatic (Visceromotor) Relationships
Visceral Pattern
2.1.2 Somatovisceral Relationships
Movement System and Visceral Pain
Movement System and Functional Deficits of the Internal Organs
Movement System as a Trigger Factor for a Latent Internal Illness
Movement System as a Tool for the Treatment of Internal Illnesses
2.1.3 Overview of Basic Visceral Patterns
2.2 EXAMINATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
2.2.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the ANS
2.2.2 Function of the ANS within the Movement Apparatus
Vasomotricity
Somatosensory System and the ANS
ANS and Muscle Function
2.2.3 Anatomical Vegetative Syndromes
CENTRAL AUTONOMIC SYNDROMES
PERIPHERAL AUTONOMIC SYNDROMES
GROSS VEGETATIVE SYNDROMES
REFLEXIVE VEGETATIVE SYNDROMES
REFERENCES
3 PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS AND PAIN
3.1 PSYCHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS IN REHABILITATION
3.2 ASSESSED PROCESSES AND METHODS OF THEIR TESTING
Reactivity to Painful Stimuli
Pain in the Pathological Process
Beginning Phase of Psychological Pain Processing
Cognitive Processes
Affection
Behavior
Interpersonal Communication

REFERENCES
4 Examinations by functional laboratory methods
4.1 LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF MOVEMENT
4.1.1 Kinematic Analysis
4.1.2 Kinetic Analysis (Posturography)
Physics Basis of the Examination
Posturography in a Clinical Setting
Factors Influencing Postural Stability
4.1.3 Electromyographic Analysis in Biomechanics
Examination of Muscle Coordination
Examination of Force
Assessment of Muscle Fatigue
4.2 SUPPLEMENTAL NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS
4.2.1 Electromyography
Basic Types of Examinations
Primary Abnormalities of an EMG
4.2.2 Electroencephalography
4.2.3 Evoked Potentials
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs)
Auditory Evoked Potentials
Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs)
4.3 EXAMINATIONS BY IMAGING METHODS
4.3.1 Radiologic Methods
X-RAY EXAMINATION
Shoulder Joint
Wrist
Hip Joint
Knee Joint
Ankle Joint
Spine
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Functional Magnetic Resonance
TRACTOGRAPHY
SCINTIGRAPHIC EXAMINATION

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (NIRS)
4.3.2 Examination by Ultrasound
REFERENCES
5ASSESSMENT OF THE SEVERITY OF MOTOR INVOLVEMENT AND LIMITATIONS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING
5.1 METHODS USED FOR MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT IN REHABILITATION
5.2 ASSESSMENT OF THE EXTENT OF MOTOR INVOLVEMENT
5.2.1 Gross Motor Skills Assessment by the Gross Motor Function Measure
5.2.2 Developmental Kinesiology as an Assessment Method of a Motor Deficit
Locomotion Stages According to Vojta
Adjusted Age
5.2.3 Additional Tests to Assess Motor Deficits
Tests Used for Adult Patients
Tests Used in Children
5.3 TESTING AND ASSESSMENT OF RESTRICTED ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING
5.3.1 Functional Independence Measure
5.3.2 Barthel Index
5.3.3 Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living
5.3.4 Activity Index
5.3.5 Frenchay Activities Index
5.3.6 Factor Assessment according to Tardieu
Assessed Factors
Treatment Strategy
5.3.7 Other Tests
REFERENCES
B THERAPEUTIC METHODS
1 PHYSICAL THERAPY METHODS AND CONCEPTS
1.1 GENERAL PHYSICAL THERAPY (MUSCULOSKELETAL) APPROACHES
1.1.1 Passive Movements
1.1.2 Active Assistive Exercise
1.1.3 Muscle Strength Exercises
Kinesiologic Notes
Input-Adaptation Relationship during Strengthening Exercises
1.1.4 Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization
General Principles of Practice Techniques

Practice of Postural Stabilization of the Spine, Chest and the Pelvis
Influence on Tightness and Improvement of Chest Wall Dynamics
Influence on Spinal Straightening
Training of the Postural Breathing Pattern and the Stabilization Function of the Diaphragm
Postural Stabilization Training of the Spine Using Reflex Locomotion
Training of Deep Postural Stabilization of the Spine in Modified Positions
Exercising Postural Functions in Developmental Lines (Sequences)
Movement Assistance during Exercise
Facilitative Elements of Training Techniques
Exercise Examples
1.1.5 Soft Tissue Mobilization
Post-Isometric Relaxation
Examples of Other Techniques
1.1.6 Dry Needling for Muscle Trigger Points
1.1.7 Traction
1.1.8 Relaxation Techniques
1.1.9 Exercises Aimed at the Restoration of Sensation (Somatesthesia)
1.2 METHODS AND APPORACHES USED IN REHABILItATION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT
1.2.1 Methods of Pulmonary Physical Therapy
1.2.2 Corrective Physical Therapy for the Postural System
Correction of the Pelvic and Lumbar Spine Alignment and Movement
Correcting Thoracic Spine Alignment and Movement
Correcting Cervical and Cranial Alignment and Movement
1.2.3 Respiratory Physical Therapy Approaches Utilizing Postural Respiratory Function of the Diaphragm
Role of the Diaphragm during the Physiological Breathing Cycle
Breathing Biomechanics in a Pathological State
Posturally Locomotor Function of the Diaphragm
Respiratory Physical Therapy Techniques Utilizing Postural Locomotor Functions
Positional Influence on the Postural Respiratory Function of the Diaphragm
1.2.4 Respiratory Physical Therapy – Methods and Techniques for Respiratory Pathway Hygiene
Active Cycle of Breathing Techniques
Autogenic Drainage
PEP System of Breathing
Oscillatory PEP System
Respiratory Physical Therapy and Breathing Muscle Training Devices
Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation

Inhalation Therapy – A Component of Respiratory Physical Therapy
Respiratory Physical Therapy for Patients in Intensive Care Units
Control Mechanisms of Respiratory Physical Therapy
1.2.5 Breathing Exercises (Breathing Gymnastics)
1.2.6 Fitness Physical Therapy and Pulmonary Illnesses
1.3 SELECTED PHYSICAL THERAPY CONCEPTS
1.3.1 Vojta’s Principle: Reflex Locomotion
THERAPEUTIC SYSTEM
Activation of Reflex Locomotion
Reflex Creeping
Activation System Positions 1–6
Reflex Rolling
TREATMENT EFFECTS
PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTALS OF THERAPY
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
1.3.2 Sensorimotor Stimulation
Patient Preparation
The Method
Guidelines Applied to All Exercises
1.3.3 Feldenkrais Method
Indications and Contraindications
1.3.4 Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Facilitative Approaches in PNF
Strengthening and Relaxation PNF Techniques
Ontogenetic and Other Principles in the PNF Concept
PNF Indications and Contraindications
1.3.5 Brunkow’s Method
Indications and Contraindications
1.3.6 Brügger’s Concept
The Principle
Diagnosis
Treatment
Indication
1.3.7 Sling Exercise Therapy
1.3.8 Exercise with a Therapy Ball
REFERENCES
2 Modalities

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF MODALITIES BASED ON THE TYPE OF APPLIED ENERGY
2.1.1 Mechanotherapy
2.1.2 Thermotherapy and Hydrotherapy
2.1.3 Electrotherapy
2.1.4 Phototherapy
2.1.5 Combined Therapy and Combination of Modalities
2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF MODALITIES BASED ON THEIR PRIMARY EFFECT
2.2.1 Modalities with an Analgesic Effect
Modalities with Primary Analgesic Effect
Modalities with a Secondary Analgesic Effect
2.2.2 Modalities with Dominantly a Myorelaxation Effect
Ultrasound Therapy
Combined Ultrasound and Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy
2.2.3 Modalities with Anti-Inflammatory and Trophic Effects
Vasopneumatic Therapy
Electrotherapy
Ultrasound Therapy
Phototherapy
Galvanotherapy
Contrast Baths
Cryotherapy
2.2.4 Electrodiagnostic Testing and Electrical Stimulation of Skeletal Muscles
Electrodiagnostic Testing
Electrical Stimulation (Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation)
Electrical Stimulation (Electrogymnastics)
2.3 GENERAL CONTRAINDICATIONS OF MODALITIES
REFERENCES
3 BALNEOLOGY
3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINAL SOURCES
3.1.1 Waters
3.1.2 Peloids
3.1.3 Gases
3.1.4 Climate
3.2 USE OF NATURAL HEALING SOURCES IN BALNEOLOGY
3.2.1 Use of Water

3.2.2 Use of Peloids
3.2.3 Use of Gas
3.3 SPAS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC AND INDICATIONS FOR A SPA TREATMENT
REFERENCES
4 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
4.1 AREAS OF FUNCTION IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
4.2 SPECIALIZATIONS
4.3 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY PROCESS
4.4 AREAS OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERVENTIONS
REFERENCES
SPECIAL SECTION
1 TREATMENT REHABILITATION IN NEUROLOGY
GENERAL SECTION
1.1 NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF PHYSICAL THERAPY APPROACHES
NEUROPLASTICITY
Evolutionary Plasticity
Repair Plasticity
Neuroplasticity and Sensorimotor Programs
SENSORY FUNCTIONS IN NEUROREHABILITATION
1.2 OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL THERAPY METHODS
Sensory Training
Exercising with Conscious Awareness as a Component of Sensorimotor Practice
Sensory Stimulation Method Based on Affolter
Perfetti’s Method
Rood’s Method
Movement Rehabilitation of Patients with Hemiplegia Based on Brunnström
Sensory Integration Based on Ayres
Neurodevelopmental Treatment Concept Based on Bobath
Movement Therapy According to Petö
Vojta’s Method
Sensorimotor Stimulation

Sensorimotor Stimulation
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
1.3 NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
1.3.1 Neuropsychological Approaches
Neurobehavioral Approach
American Neuropsychological Approach
Neuropsychology in the Czech Republic
1.3.2 Neuropsychological Assessment
Most Commonly Used Neuropsychological Tests
1.3.3 Utilization of Neuropsychological Approaches in Rehabilitation
1.4 SPEECH THERAPY
DEVELOPMENTAL DYSARTHRIA
APHASIAS
DYSARTHRIA
Therapeutic Approaches in Aphasias and Dysarthrias
Deficits in Swallowing and Management Options
Orofacial Therapy
1.5 ORTHOTIC CARE IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES
1.5.1 Orthotic Management for Patients with Cerebral Palsy
1.5.2 Orthotic Interventions for Patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
1.5.3 Orthotics for Patients Following Poliomyelitis
1.5.4 Orthotics for Patients Following CVA
1.6 OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY
SPECIAL SECTION
1.7 DYSFUNCTIONS IN NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION AND MUSCLE DISEASES
1.7.1 Dysfunction in Neuromuscular Transmission – Myasthenia Gravis
Rehabilitation in Myasthenia Gravis
1.7.2 Muscle Diseases
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES
DUCHENNE AND BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL FORM OF DYSTROPHY

GIRDLE FORMS OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
OTHER FORMS OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
Rehabilitation in Muscular Dystrophies
CONGENITAL, METABOLIC, INFLAMMATORY AND TOXIC MYOPATHIES
ION CHANNEL DYSFUNCTIONS
PERIODIC PARALYSES
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
Paramyotonia Congenita
MYOTONIC SYNDROMES
Myotonia Congenita
Atypical Myotonic Syndromes
Rehabilitation for Myotonic Syndromes and Periodic Paralyses
1.8 PERIPHERAL PARALYSIS
1.8.1 Causes, Degrees and Diagnosis of Peripheral Paralyses
1.8.2 Rehabilitation of Peripheral Paralyses
1.8.3 An Overview of Peripheral Pareses Based on Location
PERIPHERAL PARESES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
BRACHIAL PLEXUS PALSY (C5-T1)
RADIAL NERVE PALSY (C5-C7)
MEDIAN NERVE PALSY (C5-T1)
ULNAR NERVE PALSY (C8-T1)
LONG THORACIC NERVE PALSY (C5-C7)
SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE PALSY (C5-C6)
AXILLARY NERVE PALSY (C5-C6)
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE PALSY (C5-C7)
PERIPHERAL PARESES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS PARESIS
FEMORAL NERVE PALSY (L2-L4)

SCIATIC NERVE PALSY (L4-S3)
PERONEAL NERVE PALSY (L4-S1)
TIBIAL NERVE PALSY (L4-S3)
FACIAL NERVE PALSY (C.N. VII)
1.8.4 Peripheral Pareses in Diseases Involving Motor Neurons of the Anterior Spinal Horns
1.8.5 Rehabilitation Following Peripheral Nerve Surgery
1.9 ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES
1.9.1 Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis
1.9.2 Overview of the Most Common Entrapment Syndromes
ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES OF THE UPPER THORACIC APERTURE
SCALENUS SYNDROME
COSTOCLAVICULAR AND HYPERABDUCTION SYNDROME
ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY AND THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE
MEDIAN NERVE
ULNAR NERVE
RADIAL NERVE
ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY AND THE PELVIC GIRDLE
FEMORAL NERVE
SCIATIC NERVE
PERONEAL NERVE
TIBIAL NERVE
1.9.3 Treatment Rehabilitation
1.10 POLYNEUROPATHIC SYNDROMES
1.10.1 Hereditary Motor and Sensory Polyneuropathies
Therapy for Hereditary Motor and Sensory Polyneuropathies
1.10.2 Diabetic Neuropathy

DIABETIC FOOT SYNDROME
Rehabilitation in Diabetic Neuropathy
1.10.3 Inflammatory Polyneuropathies
GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME
CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING POLYNEUROPATHY
Rehabilitation in Inflammatory Polyneuropathies
1.11 POLIOMYELITIS AND POST-POLIOMYELITIC SYNDROME
1.11.1 Poliomyelitis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Disease Course
Rehabilitation
1.11.2 Post-Poliomyelitic Syndrome
Causes of Development
Diagnostic Criteria
Clinical Picture
Rehabilitation
1.12 SPINAL CORD INJURY
Spinal Program
1.12.1 Etiology, Neurological Presentation
Methods of Clinical Assessment
1.12.2 Systematic Approach to Treatment
1.12.3 Medical Consequences of a Spinal Cord Lesion and Possible Complications
AUTONOMIC DYSREFLEXIA
ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (THROMBOEMBOLISM)
URINARY DYSFUNCTION
BOWEL DYSFUNCTION
SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
INTEGUMENTARY DYSFUNCTIONS
SEPTIC CONDITIONS

PAINFUL CONDITIONS
SPASTICITY
PARA-ARTICULAR OSSIFICATION
OSTEOPOROSIS
1.12.4 Rehabilitation for Patients with Spinal Cord Injury
1.13 DEFICITS IN CEREBELLAR FUNCTIONS
1.13.1 Functional Anatomy of the Cerebellum
1.13.2 Basic Clinical Manifestations of a Cerebellar Lesion
ATAXIA
HYPERMETRIA
ADIADOCHOKINESIA
ASYNERGY
FLACCIDITY
CEREBELLAR TREMOR
EYE MOVEMENT DISTURBANCES
PALEOCEREBELLAR AND NEOCEREBELLAR SYNDROME
PALEOCEREBELLAR SYNDROME
NEOCEREBELLAR SYNDROME
PSEUDOCEREBELLAR SYNDROME
1.13.3 Rehabilitation in Cerebellar Dysfunctions
1.13.4 Prognosis of Cerebellar Dysfunctions
1.14 BALANCE DEFICITS
1.14.1 Balance Control
VERTIGO AND ITS MOST COMMON CAUSES
1.14.2 Clinical Presentation of a Patient with a Vestibular System Disturbance
EXAMINATION
1.14.3 Theoretical Bases for Rehabilitation
1.14.4 Rehabilitation of Individual Clinical Presentations
UNILATERAL VESTIBULAR LESION
BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO

Diagnosis
Treatment
BILATERAL VESTIBULAR DEFICIT
BALANCE DEFICITS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN THE CERVICAL SPINE
CENTRAL BALANCE DEFICITS
VERTEBRAL ARTERY SYNDROME
PSYCHOGENIC VERTIGO
1.14.5 Biological Feedback in Rehabilitation of Patients with Balance Deficits
1.15 EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DEFICITS
1.15.1 Basic Characteristics, Classification
HYPOKINETIC DEFICITS
HYPERKINETIC DEFICITS
1.15.2 Parkinson’s Disease
OBJECTIVE NEUROLOGICAL FINDINGS
HYPOKINESIA, BRADYKINESIA, AKINESIA
RIGIDITY
TREMOR
POSTURAL DEFICITS
Rehabilitation in Parkinson’s Disease
1.16 NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
1.16.1 Basic Characteristics of Neurodegenerative Illnesses
1.16.2 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
General Characteristics
Classification
Diagnosis
Functional Stages of ALS
Pharmacotherapy
Rehabilitation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Specific Problem Areas in Patients with ALS and Treatment Options
1.16.3 Friedreich’s Ataxia

Clinical Picture
Diagnosis
Therapy Basics
1.16.4 Autosomal Dominant Spinocerebellar Ataxia
1.17 MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
1.17.1 Diseases Characteristics
1.17.2 Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis
1.18 DEFICITS IN CONSCIOUSNESS
1.18.1 Causes
LEVELS OF QUANTITATIVELLY LIMITED CONSCIOUSNESS
SOMNOLENCE
SOPOR
COMA
ASSESSMENT OF LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
1.18.2 Neurorehabilitation Approaches for Unconscious Patients
1.19 CRANIOCEREBRAL (BRAIN) INJURIES
1.19.1 Causes and Clinical Picture
APALLIC SYNDROME
1.19.2 Rehabilitation for a Brain Injury
1.20 VASCULAR DISEASES OF THE BRAIN
1.20.1 Ischemic Cerebrovascular Accidents
ISCHEMIA IN CAROTID CIRCULATION
ISCHEMIA IN VERTEBROBASILAR CIRCULATION
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON DISEASE PROGRESSION
1.20.2 Hemorrhagic Cerebrovascular Accidents
DIFFUSE HEMORRHAGES
FOCAL SUBCORTICAL HEMORRHAGES
CEREBELLAR HEMORRHAGE
BLEEDING INTO THE BRAIN STEM
SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE

1.20.3 Rehabilitation for a CVA
1.21 CEREBRAL PALSY
Epidemiology
Causes of Onset
Etiology and Pathogenesis
1.21.1 Screening for Risk of CP
1.21.2 Types of Cerebral Palsy and their Clinical Presentation
SPASTIC DIPLEGIA
SPASTIC HEMIPLEGIA
CEREBELLAR FORM
Clinical Picture
Cerebellar Diplegia
DYSKINETIC FORM OF CEREBRAL PALSY
MIXED TETRAPLEGIA
ATONIC DIPLEGIA
1.21.3 Rehabilitation in Cerebral Palsy
DESIRED OUTCOME AND COPING PROCESS
DESIRED OUTCOME
COPING PROCESS
Rehabilitation in Cerebral Palsy
1.21.4 Cerebral Palsy from the View of an Orthopedic Physician
INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL PROCEDURES IN THE HIP JOINT AREA
INDICATIONS FOR SURGICAL PROCEDURES IN THE KNEE JOINT AREA
INDICATION FOR SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS IN THE ANKLE AND FOOT AREAS
INDICATIONS FOR SPINAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES
INDICATIONS FOR UPPER EXTREMITY SURGICAL PROCEDURES
1.21.5 Neurosurgical Treatment
INDICATIONS AND CONTRAINDICATIONS OF SURGICAL INTERVENTION
1.21.6 Botulotoxin in the Treatment of CP

REFERENCES
2 TREATMENT REHABILITATION IN ORTHOPEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY
GENERAL SECTION
2.1 INFLUENCE OF FUNCTION ON MORPHOLOGICAL TISSUE RESTRUCTURING
2.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SYMPTOMATOLOGY
2.2.1 Edema
CAUSES
TREATMENT STRATEGIES
2.2.2 Functional Changes in Soft Tissues
TREATMENT REHABILITATION STRATEGIES
2.2.3 Range of Motion Restrictions in a Movement Segment
CAUSES
TREATMENT REHABILITATION STRATEGIES
2.2.4 Hypermobility
CAUSES
COMPENSATORY HYPERMOBILITY
HYPERMOBILITY IN NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES
STRUCTURAL HYPERMOBILITY
LOCALIZED PATHOLOGICAL (POSTRAUMATIC) HYPERMOBILITY
TREATMENT REHABILITATION STRATEGIES
2.2.5 Deficit in the Nervous System Regulatory Mechanisms
CHANGE IN AFFERENTATION FROM THE RECEPTORS
MOTOR LEARNING DEFICIT AT THE LEVEL OF THE CENTRAL REGULATORY MECHANISMS
TREATMENT REHABILITATION STRATEGY
2.3 CLASIFFICATION ACCORDING TO ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
2.3.1 Congenital Developmental Defects
ETIOLOGY
REHABILITATION TREATMENT PRINCIPLES IN CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS
POST-SURGICAL REHABILITATION
CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS

CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
Congenital Developmental Defects of the Shoulder Girdle
Congenital Developmental Defects of the Elbow Joint
Congenital Developmental Defects of the Wrist
Congenital Developmental Defects of the Fingers
CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITES
Congenital Developmental Defects of the Hip Joint
Congenital Developmental Defects of the Knee Joint
Congenital Developmental Defects of the Lower Leg and Foot
Congenital Deformities of the Toes
CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF THE THORAX
Pectus Excavatum (Infundibuliform)
Pectus Carinatum
Rehabilitation in Congenital Developmental Defects of the Thorax
CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF THE SPINE
Diastematomyelia
Meningomyelocele
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Spina Bifida
2.3.2 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES CAUSED BY OVERLOADING
TENDON INJURIES
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSTICS
Clinical Picture
Imaging Methods
Differential Diagnosis
LOCALIZATION
Upper Extremity
Lower Extremity
Therapy

Acute Form
Chronic Form
REHABILITATION
General Principles
Therapeutic Approaches
2.3.3 Degenerative Joint Diseases
OSTEOARTHRITIS
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
Primary (Idiopathic) OA
Secondary OA
DIAGNOSIS
Clinical Picture
Imaging Methods
LOCATION
Coxarthrosis
Gonarthrosis
TREATMENT
Pharmacotherapy
Surgical Procedures
Rehabilitation
Arthroplasty
2.3.4 Inflammatory Diseases
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
STERILE INFLAMMATION
INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATION
Classification Based on Etiology
Classification Based on Location
PRINCIPLES OF REHABILITATION
STERILE INFLAMMATION
INFECTIOUS INFLAMMATION

2.3.5 Traumatology of the Movement System
HEALING PHASES
Inflammation
Repair
Restoration of Function
WOUNDS
CONTUSION
Treatment for a Detachment Type Injury
TENDON INJURIES
THERAPY
MUSCLE INJURIES
DIAGNOSIS
CLASSIFICATION
Muscle Cramp
Muscle Soreness
Muscle Strain
Muscle Tear
JOINT INJURIES
TREATMENT
BONE INJURIES – FRACTURES
FRACTURE CLASSIFICATION
BONE HEALING
Secondary
Primary
FRACTURE HEALING TIMES
TREATMENT
Conservative
Surgical
REHABILITATION
Rehabilitation during Healing

Rehabilitation in Healed Fractures
SPECIAL SECTION
2.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO LOCATION
2.4.1 Spine
CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS
DEFORMITY
SCOLIOSIS
Classification According to Etiology and Pathogenesis
Rehabilitation
Surgical Treatment
HYPERKYPHOSIS
Juvenile Kyphosis (Scheuermann’s Disease)
LUMBAR HYPERLORDOSIS
TORTICOLLIS
Congenital Muscular Torticollis
Muscular Torticollis in Adults
Acquired Muscular Torticollis
Post-Traumatic Torticollis
Spastic Torticollis
Acute Torticollis
VERTEBROGENIC PAIN SYNDROME
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
STRUCTURAL CAUSES
FUNCTIONAL CAUSES
Intervertebral Disc Involvement
Intervertebral Joint Degeneration
Spinal Stenosis
Abnormality of the Spinal Canal
Spondylolisthesis

Osteoporosis
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Infections
Tumors
Deficit in the CNS Control Function
Deficit in Processing Nociception
Psychological Disturbance
CONSEQUENCES OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS
Discogenic Pain
Radicular Syndrome
Pseudoradicular Syndrome
SPECIFIC TREATMENT
Rehabilitation
Pharmaceutical Treatment
Invasive Procedures
Surgical Treatment
2.4.2 Shoulder Girdle
CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF THE SHOULDER GIRDLE
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Neer Classification
Treatment
Rehabilitation Following Shoulder Joint Arthroscopy (Subacromial Decompression, Debridement, Capsular Release, Acromioplasty)
CALCIFIC TENDINITIS
Clinical Presentation
Rehabilitation
SUBACROMIAL BURSITIS

Clinical Presentation
Rehabilitation
ROTATOR CUFF TEARS
Clinical Picture
Rehabilitation
SYNDROME OF THE LONG HEAD OF THE BICEPS TENDON
Tendinosis of the Long Head of the Biceps
Subluxation of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon
Biceps Tendon Rupture
FROZEN SHOULDER SYNDROME
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Rehabilitation
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
GLENOHUMERAL ARTHRITIS
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Picture
Rehabilitation
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR ARTHRITIS
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Rehabilitation
TRAUMATIC LESIONS
GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Picture
Treatment
Rehabilitation
ACROMIOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATION
Clinical Presentation

Treatment
Rehabilitation
STERNOCLAVICULAR DISLOCATION
Clinical Picture
Treatment
Rehabilitation
PROXIMAL HUMERAL FRACTURES
Rehabilitation
INSTABILITY
GLENOHUMERAL INSTABILITY
Post-traumatic Instability (Recurring Dislocations)
Multidirectional Non-traumatic Instability (Habitual Dislocation)
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF SHOULDER GIRDLE PAIN
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF REHABILITATION OF SHOUDLER GIRDLE DYSFUNCTIONS
2.4.3 Elbow Joint
CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS
OVERUSE SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
ENTHESOPATHY
Lateral Epicondylitis (Epicondylitis Radialis Humeri)
Medial Epicondylitis (Epicondylitis Ulnaris Humeri)
Triceps Brachii Enthesopathy
Rehabilitation in Enthesopathies
Olecranon Bursitis
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE ELBOW JOINT
ELBOW JOINT ARTHRITIS
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Rehabilitation
TRAUMATIC LESIONS
DISLOCATIONS

Treatment
FRACTURES IN THE ELBOW JOINT REGION
Pediatric Fractures at the Elbow Region
Adult Fractures at the Elbow Region
REHABILITATION IN TRAUMATIC LESIONS
POST-TRAUMATIC COMPLICATIONS
ELBOW FLEXION CONTRACTURE
Rehabilitation
AXIAL DEFORMITIES OF THE ELBOW
Cubitus Varus
Cubitus Valgus
Treatment of Axial Deformities
VOLKMANN’S CONTRACTURE
Rehabilitation
2.4.4 Wrist and Hand
CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS
OVERUSE SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
TENOSYNOVITIS
Trigger Thumb, Finger (Digitus Saltans)
De Quervain’s Disease
Rehabilitation for Tenosynovitis
DUPUYTREN’S CONTRACTURE
Treatment
Rehabilitation
DEGENERATIVE JOINT INJURIES
RHIZARTHROSIS
Treatment
ARTHRITIS OF THE INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS OF THE HAND
TRAUMATIC LESIONS
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

Tendon Injuries of the Wrist and the Hand (Flexors, Extensors)
Injuries of the Neurovascular Bundle
Treatment of Tendon and Neurovascular Bundle Injuries
Rehabilitation in Tendon Injuries
DISLOCATIONS
FRACTURES
Distal Forearm Fractures
Navicular Fracture
Treatment of Dislocations and Fractures of the Wrist and Fingers
Rehabilitation in Dislocations and Fractures
POST-TRAUMATIC CONDITIONS
WRIST INSTABILITY
Treatment
Rehabilitation for Wrist Instability
NAVICULAR NON-UNION
GENERAL REHABILITATION PRINCIPLES FOR WRIST AND HAND INJURIES
2.4.5 Hip Joint
PEDIATRIC DISEASES
Congenital hip dysplasia
Clinical Assessment of Newborns and Infants
Examination by Imaging Methods
Classification according to Radiological Findings
Treatment
Rehabilitation
SLIPPED CAPITAL FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS (SCFE)
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Rehabilitation

LEGG-CALVE-PERTHES DISEASE
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Classification Based on Radiologic Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Rehabilitation
TRANSIENT SYNOVITIS OF THE HIP
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
ADULTHOOD DISEASES
OVERUSE SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
Hip Adductor Enthesopathy
Rectus Femoris Enthesopathy
Hamstring Enthesopathy
Rehabilitation of Hip Joint Enthesopathies
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
Osteoarthritis of the Hip (Coxarthrosis)
TRAUMATIC LESIONS
Groin Injuries
Hip Joint Dislocation
Proximal Femoral Fractures
Rehabilitation in Traumatic Injuries
REFERRED PAIN TO THE HIP JOINT FROM OTHER SITES
2.4.6 Knee Joint>
CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS OF THE KNEE JOINT
OVERUSE SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
TENDINOPATHIES
Patellar Tendonitis (Jumper’s Knee)
Rectus Femoris Enthesopathy

Hip Adductor Enthesopathy
Enthesopathy of the Biceps Femoris Tendon
ASEPTIC NECROSIS OF THE KNEE
Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Aseptic Necrosis of the Tibial Tuberosity)
Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Syndrome (Osteochondrosis of the Patellar Apex)
Osteochondritis Dissecans
DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT DISORDERS
Rehabilitation
GONARTHROSIS
TRAUMATIC LESIONS
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES OF THE KNEE
Physiology of Healing of the Knee Structures
Physiology of Soft Tissue Healing
Physiology of Ligamentous Healing
Physiology of Autogenous Graft Healing
Rehabilitation Following Meniscal Injuries and Repairs
Rehabilitation following Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injury
Rehabilitation following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Reconstruction
Actual Rehabilitation Program
2.4.7 Ankle and Foot
CONGENTIAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS
TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL DEVELOPMENTAL DEFECTS IN GENERAL
ALIGNMENT DEFORMITIES
FLAT FOOT
Classification of flat foot
HALLUX VALGUS
Treatment
HALLUX RIGIDUS
Treatment

METATARSALGIA
Rehabilitation in Transverse Flat Foot
Surgical Interventions for Transverse Flat Foot
TOE DEFORMITIES
Hammer Toe (Digitus Hamatus)
Club Toe (Digitus Malleus)
OVERUSE SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
PERITENDINITIS (TENOSYNOVITIS), ACHILLES TENDON TENDINOSIS
TENOSYNOVITIS, POSTERIOR TIBIALIS TENDINOSIS
ENTHESOPATHY OF THE SHORT MUSCLES OF THE SOLE OF THE FOOT, CALCANEAL SPUR (CALCAR CALCANEI)
Rehabilitation of Tendon Injuries
TIBIALIS ANTERIOR SYNDROME
Rehabilitation for Anterior Tibialis Syndrome
TRAUMATIC LESIONS
ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
INJURY TO THE ANKLE LIGAMENTOUS APPARATUS
Acute Ankle Instability
Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Rehabilitation Treatment Following Injuries and Surgeries of the Ligamentous Apparatus of the Ankle and Foot
2.5 ORTHOTICS
2.5.1 Classification and Technical Overview of Orthoses
OVER-THE-COUNTER ORTHOSES
CUSTOM-MADE ORTHOTICS
2.5.2 Functional Indications for Orthoses
FUNCTIONAL DEMANDS OF ORTHOSES
ACTION PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOSES
2.5.3 Contraindications
2.5.4 Upper Extremity Orthoses
SCS CLASSIFICATION
DESCRITPION OF ORTHOSIS FUNCTION ACCORDING TO SCS CLASSIFICATION
BASIC OVERVIEW OF UPPER EXTREMITY ORTHOSES
Hand Orthosis – HO
Wrist Orthosis, Wrist Hand Orthosis – WO, WHO
Elbow Orthosis, Elbow Wrist Hand Orthosis – EO, EWHO
Shoulder Orthosis, Shoulder Elbow Orthosis, Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hand Orthosis – SO, SEO, SEWHO
2.5.5 Lower Extremity Orthoses
BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF LOWER EXTREMITY ORTHOSES
Foot Orthosis – FO
Ankle-Foot Orthosis – AFO
Knee Orthosis – KO
Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis – KAFO
Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot Orthosis – HKAFO
2.5.6 Trunk Orthoses
BASIC CLASSIFICATION OF TRUNK ORTHOSES
Cervicothoracic Orthoses – CTO
Thoracic Orthoses – TO
Thoracolumbar Orthoses – TLO
Thoracolumbosacral Orthosis – TLSO
Cervicothoracolumbosacral Orthoses – CTLSO
2.5.7 Most Commonly Applied Orthoses in Pediatric Orthopedics
Congenital Pes Equinovarus (Club Foot)
Metatarsus Adductus
Pes Calcaneovalgus
Foot Deformities in Arthrogryposis
Flat Foot
Osgood-Schlatter Disease (Patellar Ligament Tendinopathy)
Patellar Dislocation
Genu Varum, Genu Valgum, Genu Recurvatum

Congenital Developmental Hip Dysplasia
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Limb Reduction Defects
Scoliosis
2.5.8 Most Commonly Applied Orthoses in Orthopedics for Adult Patients
ORTHOTIC OPTIONS IN COMPLICATIONS DURING APPLICATION OF TOTAL ENDOPROSTHESIS OF THE KNEE AND HIP JOINTS
ORTHOSES APPLICATION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
LEG LENGTH DISCREPANCY
ORTHOTIC CARE FOR THE TREATMENT OF FOOT DEFECTS
NOTES TO APPLICATION OF TRUNK ORTHOSES IN LOW BACK PAIN
ORTHOTIC DEVICES FOR FOOT DEFORMITIES IN ADULTHOOD
ORTHOTIC OPTIONS FOR ACUTE AND CHRONIC JOINT INSTABILITIES OF THE LOWER AND UPPER EXTREMITES
ORTHOSES IN SPINAL TRAUMA
ORTHOTIC OPTIONS IN TENDON INJURIES OF THE HAND
FUNCTIONAL TREATMENT OF TENDON INJURIES IN THE LOWER EXTREMITY
FUNCTIONAL TREATMENT OF LOWER EXTREMITY FRACTURES
ORTHOTIC CARE IN PATIENTS AFTER CRANIALTRAUMA
ORTHOTIC MANAGEMENT FOR PATIENTS FOLLOWING BURN INJURIES
2.6 REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS AFTER EXTREMITY AMPUTATION
2.6.1 Reasons for Amputations
2.6.2 Prosthetics
Structure of a Prosthesis
Gait with a Prosthesis
Indication Criteria
Residual Limb Care
Gait Training
Prosthesis Prescription
Categories of Amputees According to Insurance Companies Regulations
2.6.3 Complications in Amputations

2.7 REHABILITATION TOOLS
REFERENCES
3 TREATMENT REHABILITATION FOR SELECTED INTERNAL AND OTHER DISEASES
GENERAL SECTION
3.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS UTILIZED IN REHABILITATION INCLUDING ADAPTATION TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
3.1.1 Cardiac System Adaptation
3.1.2 Pulmonary System Adaptation
3.1.3 Metabolic Adaptation
3.1.4 Immunity Adaptation
3.2 FUNCTIONAL STRESS TEST IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOPULMONARY DYSFUNCTION
3.2.1 Laboratory Stress Test
3.2.2 Basic Terminology of a Functional Stress Test
3.2.3 Fitness Testing in Less Fit Individuals
3.2.4 Fitness Assessment Based on Submaximal Stress Tests
3.2.5 Assessment of Stress Test
3.2.6 Assessment of Activity Including Assessment of the Functional Ability of an Elderly Patient
3.2.7 Specific Stress Test Adaptations for Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
3.3 FUNCTIONAL LUNG ASSESSMENT
3.3.1 Causes of the Onset of Pulmonary Dysfunctions in Patients with Deficits in the Movement System and in Certain Organ Systems
3.3.2 Diagnostic Approaches
Methods in Pulmonary Function Testing
Description of Pulmonary Function Parameters
3.3.3 Interpretation and Implementation of Conclusions from a Pulmonary Function Test
Restrictive Lung Dysfunction
Lung Hyperinflation
Obstructive Deficits
Changes in Lung Elastic Properties
IMPLEMENTATION INTO CLINICAL PRACTICE

3.4 RESPIRATORY DISEASES
3.4.1 Rehabilitation for Bronchial Asthma
Rehabilitation Options and the Goal of Exercise Therapy
EXERCISE-INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM
Prevention and Treatment of Asthma and Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm
3.4.2 Rehabilitation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
PERIPHERAL MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION
Rehabilitation of Patients with COPD
3.4.3 Implementation of Rehabilitation in Other Respiratory Dysfunctions
Respiratory Insufficiency in Neuromuscular Disturbances and Thoracic Deformities
Rehabilitation of Patients Following Spinal Cord Injury: Effect on Lung Function
Rehabilitation of Patients on Breathing Support
3.4.4 Methods and Approaches Used in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Chronic Pulmonary System Dysfunction
3.5 SURGICAL PROCEDURES IN THE THORACIC REGION
3.5.1 Rehabilitation following Pulmonary Surgery
Breathing Preparation
3.5.2 Rehabilitation following Cardiac Surgery
Pre-Operative Fitness Improvement and Correction of Musculoskeletal System Dysfunctions
Post-Operative Rehabilitation Approaches
Exercise therapy
Post-Operative Complications
3.6 ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE (IHD)
KEY COMPONENTS OF A COMPLEX REHABILITATION PLAN
Patient Assessment
Nutritional Consultation
Weight Management
Physical Activity
Exercise Training
3.7 METABOLIC DISTURBANCES
3.7.1 Diabetes Mellitus – Type 2
3.7.2 Diabetes Mellitus – Type 1
3.8 RHEUMATIC DISEASES
3.8.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
FUNCTIONAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Rehabilitation Treatment
Surgical Intervention
Pharmacological Interventions
PROGNOSIS
3.8.2 Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis)
CLINICAL PICTURE
TREATMENT
Rehabilitation Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
PROGNOSIS
3.8.3 Ankylosing Spondylitis
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Rehabilitation Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Rheumatologic Surgery
DISEASE COURSE AND PROGNOSIS
3.8.4 Osteoporosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT

Pharmaceutical Treatment
Rehabilitation Treatment
PROGNOSIS
3.8.5 Fibromyalgia Syndrome
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
Differential Diagnosis
Biological Aspects of FMS
Psychological Aspects of FMS
TREATMENT
Rehabilitation Treatment
Modalities
Pharmacotherapy
Psychotherapy
Education
Support Groups
3.9 OTHER DYSFUNCTIONS AND DISEASES
3.9.1 Lymphedema and Treatment
ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
MECHANISM OF LYMPHATIC FLUID FORMATION
LYMPHEDEMA CLASSIFICATION
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Manual Lymphatic Drainage
Pharmacotherapy
Treatment Frequency
EDEMA PREVENTION
PROGNOSIS
3.9.2 Treatment Rehabilitation of Bowel Incontinence
ETIOLOGY
TREATMENT

Physical Therapy Approaches
3.10 GERIATRICS
3.10.1 Aging Phenotype and Involution Deterioration
3.10.2 Geriatric Frailty and Geriatric Syndromes
GERIATRIC SYNDROMES OF HYPOMOBILITY, DECONDITIONING AND MUSCLE WEAKNESS
HYPOMOBILITY
DECONDITIONING
SARCOPENIA
GERIATRIC MODIFICATIONS AND CONTINUITY OF REHABILITATION ACTIVITIES
3.10.3 Principles of Movement Activity Selection in the Aging Population
Assessment Prior to Exercise Program Initiation
Exercise Programs
Reconditioning Stays
REFERENCES
4 TREATMENT REHABILITATION IN ONCOLOGY
REHABILITATION SPECIFICS FOR PATIENTS WITH ONCOLOGIC CONDITIONS
BASIC GOALS AND ASSESSMENT OF REHABILITATION TREATMENT
REHABILITATION TREATMENT COMPLICATIONS
GENERAL SECTION
4.1 PAIN PATTERNS IN PATIENTS WITH ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES
4.1.1 Pain Pattern and Its Treatment
4.1.2 Classification of Oncologic Pain
4.2 PARAMETERS FOR THE INTERRUPTION OR MODIFICATION OF A REHABILITATION PROGRAM
4.2.1 Laboratory Values
4.2.2 Long Bone Metastases
4.2.3 Other Parameters Modifying Rehabilitation Treatment
4.3 REHABILITATION APPROACHES
4.3.1 Modalities
4.3.2 Physical Therapy Techniques
4.3.3 Contraindications

4.4 SPECIFIC FACTORS INFLUENCING REHABILITATION TREATMENT
SPECIAL SECTION
4.5 METASTATIC INVOLVEMENT
4.5.1 Metastatic Involvement of the Skeleton
ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES OF THE SPINE
ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES AND SURGICAL APPROACHES FOR THE EXTREMITIES
Surgical Treatment Approaches
Rehabilitation Goals Following Surgical Procedures
4.5.2 Metastatic Involvement of the Brain and the Spinal Cord
Brain Involvement
Spinal Cord Involvement
4.6 PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES
4.7 SIDE EFFECTS OF ONCOLOGIC TREATMENT
NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS
4.7.1 Cerebellar Syndrome
4.7.2 Peripheral Polyneuropathy
NEUROPATHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF POLYNEUROPATHIES
TREATMENT FOR PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY
Treatment Rehabilitation in Peripheral Neuropathy
4.7.3 Hormone Therapy
4.7.4 Immunotherapy
4.8 SOFT TISSUES AND MUSCLE TISSUE
4.9 RADIATION THERAPY
4.10 LYMPHEDEMA
REFERRENCES
5 TREATMENT REHABILITATION IN GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS
5.1 OVERVIEW OF GYNECOLOGICAL SYNDROMES WITH CONTRIBUTION OF FUNCTIONAL DEFICITS
DYSFUNCTIONS OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND FUNCTIONAL STERILITY
AMENORRHEA
DYSMENORRHEA
STERILITY
Rehabilitation in Gynecological Syndromes with Contribution from Functional Deficits
Rehabilitation in Functional Gynecological Dysfunctions
5.2 PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME AND MENOPAUSE
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
MENOPAUSE
MENOPAUSE, PREMENOPAUSE, POSTMENOPAUSE
Menopausal Syndrome
Treatment Rehabilitation of Premenstrual Syndrome and during Menopause
SYNDROMES THAT CAN BE AFFECTED BY REHABILITATION
5.3 PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Rehabilitation Following Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
5.4 ANATOMICAL DEFICITS IN GYNECOLOGY
Rehabilitation in Anatomical Deficits in Gynecology
5.5 GYNECOLOGICAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES
Pre- and Post-Surgical Rehabilitation
5.6 URINARY INCONTINENCE
Diagnosis
Treatment
Rehabilitation
5.7 PREGNANCY, BIRTH AND THE POSTPARTUM (POSTNATAL) PERIOD
PREGNANCY
BIRTH
POSTPARTUM
Rehabilitation during Pregnancy
Rehabilitation during Postpartum
REFERENCES
6 TREATMENT REHABILITATION IN PAIN MANAGEMENT
6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF PAIN
Acute Pain

Chronic pain
6.2 FOUNDATIONS OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC PAIN
6.3 PAIN MANAGEMENT
Rehabilitation
Non-Pharmaceutical Treatment
Other Non-Pharmaceutical Treatment Methods
Pharmacotherapy
Invasive Techniques
6.4 COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME (CRPS)
Types of KRBS
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
REFERENCES
7 TREATMENT REHABILITATION IN PSYCHOSOMATIC DISEASES
7.1 MODERN PSYCHOSOMATICS
7.1.1 Psychosomatics and Current Science
7.1.2 Psychosomatics and Irrationality
7.1.3 Biological, Psychological and Social Approach
Psychosomatic Integrity
Normality
Psychobiology and Sociocultural Norms
Cognitive Processes and Adaptation
7.1.4 Placebo and Nocebo
7.1.5 Charisma
7.1.6 Physical Manifestations as Signs and Symptoms
7.1.7 Deficits and Signs
7.2 TREATMENT
7.2.1 Biological, Psychological and Social Context: Non-Specific Rehabilitation Factors

7.2.2 Treatment Rehabilitation
7.2.3 Psychotherapy
7.2.4 Psychopharmacotherapy
REFERENCES
8 REHABILITATION IN PSYCHIATRY
8.1 REHABILITATION IN THE AREAS OF SOCIAL AND VOCATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Development of Psychiatric Rehabilitation in the World and in the Czech Republic
8.1.1 General Aspects of Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Current Schools of Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Target Group of Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Principles of Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Recovery
8.1.2 Process of Psychiatric Rehabilitation and Possible Approaches
Process of Psychiatric Rehabilitation According to the Boston School
Process of Psychosocial Rehabilitation According to the Netherlands’ School STORM
8.1.3 Specific Levels of Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Vocational rehabilitation
Assisted Education
Rehabilitation and Housing
Rehabilitation in the Areas of Social Interaction and Leisure Time
8.1.4 Psychiatric Rehabilitation Assessment
8.2 PSYCHOMOTOR THERAPY
8.2.1 General Aspects of Psychomotor Therapy
Research in Kinesiotherapy
Physical Self-Concept
Role of Movement Activity in Stress Coping
Somatic State and Movement Abilities of Patients with Mental Illness
Why Movement Therapy?
8.2.2 Kinesiotherapy
Circumscription of the term Kinesiotherapy

Actions of Kinesiotherapy
Types of Kinesiotherapy in the Treatment of Psychiatric Patients
Suggested Forms of Kinesiotherapy for the Treatment of Psychological Illnesses
Principles of Kinesiotherapy Administration in the Mentally Ill
REFERENCES
BIOGRAPHIES of influential figures
Professor Vaclav Vojta, MD, DrSc.
Professor Karel Lewit, MD, DrSc.
Professor Vladimir Janda, MD, DrSc.
Associate Professor Karel Obrda, MD, CSc.
Associate Professor Frantisek Vele, MD, CSc.
Professor Jan Pfeiffer, MD, DrSc.
Professor Jan Jirout, MD, DrSc.
Professor Milos Macek, MD, DrSc.
Professor Miroslav Kucera, MD, DrSc.
Associate Professor Jan Javurek, MD, DrSc.
Ludmila Mojzisova
ABBREVIATIONS

نویسندگان